A Comprehensive Review of Driving Cycles for Electrical Light Duty Vehicles

This paper provides a comprehensive review of driving cycles (DCs) for electrical light-duty vehicles, with a focus on their development. Early modal DCs, including the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and FTP-75, were originally designed for internal combustion engine vehicles and often fail to capture the complex dynamics of electric vehicles (EVs). In response, recent research has focused on developing transient and region-specific cycles that better reflect real-world driving conditions. The review comprises the methodologies of DCs development, including data collection, data processing techniques, and validation using key performance indicators. Overall, the study emphasises the necessity of revising traditional DCs to accommodate the unique operational characteristics of EVs, such as regenerative braking and instant torque, and highlights future directions for enhancing cycle representativeness and supporting sustainable transportation.