An integrated framework on autonomous valet parking and battery swapping service considering malicious false data injection attack

Autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs) have emerged as a transformative technology at the intersection of autonomous driving and electric propulsion. Long-range autonomous valet parking (LAVP) is a promising application for AEVs, catering to diverse parking or drop-off/pickup (D/P) demands for varying travel itineraries. However, due to the limited battery capability of AEVs, a reliable energy supplementation strategy for LAVP becomes essential. First, this article presents battery swapping service as an alternative to traditional plug-in charging, especially for car park in urban area (CPU) without charging infrastructure. Our work then investigates the coordinated decision-making process for energy supplementation and parking. The decision-making process relies on the battery status of AEVs and suggests the most appropriate energy supplementation method based on the reserved parking slot's specific type and location. Second, this article further proposes a detection mechanism to monitor battery swapping station (BSS) status changes and validate data reliability. In case of a malicious attack on BSS, our proposed information recovery method can accurately reflect its actual status with historical arrival information. Third, simulation results indicate desirable performance gains of the proposed scheme, in terms of alleviating congestion on charging service and mitigation on the impact of false data injection (FDI) attacks.