Cross-sectional associations of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time with body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in mid-childhood: The PANIC study

Paul J. Collings; Kate Westgate; Juuso Väistö; Katrien Wijndaele; Andrew J. Atkin; Eero A. Haapala; Niina Lintu; Tomi Laitinen; Ulf Ekelund; Soren Brage; Timo A. Lakka

doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0606-x

Cross-sectional associations of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time with body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in mid-childhood: The PANIC study

Paul J. Collings, Kate Westgate, Juuso Väistö, Katrien Wijndaele, Andrew J. Atkin, Eero A. Haapala, Niina Lintu, Tomi Laitinen, Ulf Ekelund, Soren Brage, Timo A. Lakka

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Abstract

Background: The minimum intensity of physical activity (PA) that is associated with favourable body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) remains unknown.

Objective: To investigate cross-sectional associations of PA and sedentary time (ST) with body composition and CRF in mid-childhood.

Methods: PA, ST, body composition and CRF were measured in a population-based sample of 410 children (aged 7.6 ± 0.4 years). Combined heart-rate and movement sensing provided estimates of PA energy expenditure (PAEE, kJ/kg/day) and time (min/day) at multiple fine-grained metabolic equivalent (MET) levels, which were also collapsed to ST and light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA) and vigorous PA (VPA). Fat mass index (FMI, kg/m(2)), trunk fat mass index (TFMI, kg/m(2)) and fat-free mass index (FFMI, kg/m(2.5)) were derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maximal workload from a cycle ergometer test provided a measure of CRF (W/kg FFM). Linear regression and isotemporal substitution models were used to investigate associations.

Results: The cumulative time above 2 METs (221 J/min/kg) was inversely associated with FMI and TFMI in both sexes (p < 0.001) whereas time spent above 3 METs was positively associated with CRF (p ≤ 0.002); CRF increased and adiposity decreased dose-dependently with increasing MET levels. ST was positively associated with FMI and TFMI (p < 0.001) but there were inverse associations between all PA categories (including LPA) and adiposity (p ≤ 0.002); the magnitude of these associations depended on the activity being displaced in isotemporal substitution models but were consistently stronger for VPA. PAEE, MPA and to a greater extent VPA, were all positively related to CRF (p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions: PA exceeding 2 METs is associated with lower adiposity in mid-childhood, whereas PA of 3 METs is required to benefit CRF. VPA was most beneficial for fitness and fatness, from a time-for-time perspective, but displacing any lower-for-higher intensity may be an important first-order public health strategy. Clinical trial registry number (website): NCT01803776 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01803776).

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	769–780
Number of pages	12
Journal	Sports Medicine
Volume	47
Issue number	4
Early online date	24 Aug 2016
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0606-x
Publication status	Published - Apr 2017

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Cite this

Collings, P. J., Westgate, K., Väistö, J., Wijndaele, K., Atkin, A. J., Haapala, E. A., Lintu, N., Laitinen, T., Ekelund, U., Brage, S., & Lakka, T. A. (2017). Cross-sectional associations of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time with body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in mid-childhood: The PANIC study. Sports Medicine, 47(4), 769–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0606-x

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title = "Cross-sectional associations of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time with body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in mid-childhood: The PANIC study",

abstract = "Background: The minimum intensity of physical activity (PA) that is associated with favourable body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) remains unknown. Objective: To investigate cross-sectional associations of PA and sedentary time (ST) with body composition and CRF in mid-childhood. Methods: PA, ST, body composition and CRF were measured in a population-based sample of 410 children (aged 7.6 ± 0.4 years). Combined heart-rate and movement sensing provided estimates of PA energy expenditure (PAEE, kJ/kg/day) and time (min/day) at multiple fine-grained metabolic equivalent (MET) levels, which were also collapsed to ST and light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA) and vigorous PA (VPA). Fat mass index (FMI, kg/m(2)), trunk fat mass index (TFMI, kg/m(2)) and fat-free mass index (FFMI, kg/m(2.5)) were derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maximal workload from a cycle ergometer test provided a measure of CRF (W/kg FFM). Linear regression and isotemporal substitution models were used to investigate associations. Results: The cumulative time above 2 METs (221 J/min/kg) was inversely associated with FMI and TFMI in both sexes (p < 0.001) whereas time spent above 3 METs was positively associated with CRF (p ≤ 0.002); CRF increased and adiposity decreased dose-dependently with increasing MET levels. ST was positively associated with FMI and TFMI (p < 0.001) but there were inverse associations between all PA categories (including LPA) and adiposity (p ≤ 0.002); the magnitude of these associations depended on the activity being displaced in isotemporal substitution models but were consistently stronger for VPA. PAEE, MPA and to a greater extent VPA, were all positively related to CRF (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: PA exceeding 2 METs is associated with lower adiposity in mid-childhood, whereas PA of 3 METs is required to benefit CRF. VPA was most beneficial for fitness and fatness, from a time-for-time perspective, but displacing any lower-for-higher intensity may be an important first-order public health strategy. Clinical trial registry number (website): NCT01803776 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01803776).",

author = "Collings, {Paul J.} and Kate Westgate and Juuso V{\"a}ist{\"o} and Katrien Wijndaele and Atkin, {Andrew J.} and Haapala, {Eero A.} and Niina Lintu and Tomi Laitinen and Ulf Ekelund and Soren Brage and Lakka, {Timo A.}",

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doi = "10.1007/s40279-016-0606-x",

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Collings, PJ, Westgate, K, Väistö, J, Wijndaele, K, Atkin, AJ, Haapala, EA, Lintu, N, Laitinen, T, Ekelund, U, Brage, S & Lakka, TA 2017, 'Cross-sectional associations of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time with body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in mid-childhood: The PANIC study', Sports Medicine, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 769–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0606-x

TY - JOUR

T1 - Cross-sectional associations of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time with body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in mid-childhood: The PANIC study

AU - Collings, Paul J.

AU - Westgate, Kate

AU - Väistö, Juuso

AU - Wijndaele, Katrien

AU - Atkin, Andrew J.

AU - Haapala, Eero A.

AU - Lintu, Niina

AU - Laitinen, Tomi

AU - Ekelund, Ulf

AU - Brage, Soren

AU - Lakka, Timo A.

PY - 2017/4

Y1 - 2017/4

N2 - Background: The minimum intensity of physical activity (PA) that is associated with favourable body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) remains unknown. Objective: To investigate cross-sectional associations of PA and sedentary time (ST) with body composition and CRF in mid-childhood. Methods: PA, ST, body composition and CRF were measured in a population-based sample of 410 children (aged 7.6 ± 0.4 years). Combined heart-rate and movement sensing provided estimates of PA energy expenditure (PAEE, kJ/kg/day) and time (min/day) at multiple fine-grained metabolic equivalent (MET) levels, which were also collapsed to ST and light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA) and vigorous PA (VPA). Fat mass index (FMI, kg/m(2)), trunk fat mass index (TFMI, kg/m(2)) and fat-free mass index (FFMI, kg/m(2.5)) were derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maximal workload from a cycle ergometer test provided a measure of CRF (W/kg FFM). Linear regression and isotemporal substitution models were used to investigate associations. Results: The cumulative time above 2 METs (221 J/min/kg) was inversely associated with FMI and TFMI in both sexes (p < 0.001) whereas time spent above 3 METs was positively associated with CRF (p ≤ 0.002); CRF increased and adiposity decreased dose-dependently with increasing MET levels. ST was positively associated with FMI and TFMI (p < 0.001) but there were inverse associations between all PA categories (including LPA) and adiposity (p ≤ 0.002); the magnitude of these associations depended on the activity being displaced in isotemporal substitution models but were consistently stronger for VPA. PAEE, MPA and to a greater extent VPA, were all positively related to CRF (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: PA exceeding 2 METs is associated with lower adiposity in mid-childhood, whereas PA of 3 METs is required to benefit CRF. VPA was most beneficial for fitness and fatness, from a time-for-time perspective, but displacing any lower-for-higher intensity may be an important first-order public health strategy. Clinical trial registry number (website): NCT01803776 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01803776).

AB - Background: The minimum intensity of physical activity (PA) that is associated with favourable body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) remains unknown. Objective: To investigate cross-sectional associations of PA and sedentary time (ST) with body composition and CRF in mid-childhood. Methods: PA, ST, body composition and CRF were measured in a population-based sample of 410 children (aged 7.6 ± 0.4 years). Combined heart-rate and movement sensing provided estimates of PA energy expenditure (PAEE, kJ/kg/day) and time (min/day) at multiple fine-grained metabolic equivalent (MET) levels, which were also collapsed to ST and light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA) and vigorous PA (VPA). Fat mass index (FMI, kg/m(2)), trunk fat mass index (TFMI, kg/m(2)) and fat-free mass index (FFMI, kg/m(2.5)) were derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maximal workload from a cycle ergometer test provided a measure of CRF (W/kg FFM). Linear regression and isotemporal substitution models were used to investigate associations. Results: The cumulative time above 2 METs (221 J/min/kg) was inversely associated with FMI and TFMI in both sexes (p < 0.001) whereas time spent above 3 METs was positively associated with CRF (p ≤ 0.002); CRF increased and adiposity decreased dose-dependently with increasing MET levels. ST was positively associated with FMI and TFMI (p < 0.001) but there were inverse associations between all PA categories (including LPA) and adiposity (p ≤ 0.002); the magnitude of these associations depended on the activity being displaced in isotemporal substitution models but were consistently stronger for VPA. PAEE, MPA and to a greater extent VPA, were all positively related to CRF (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: PA exceeding 2 METs is associated with lower adiposity in mid-childhood, whereas PA of 3 METs is required to benefit CRF. VPA was most beneficial for fitness and fatness, from a time-for-time perspective, but displacing any lower-for-higher intensity may be an important first-order public health strategy. Clinical trial registry number (website): NCT01803776 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01803776).

U2 - 10.1007/s40279-016-0606-x

DO - 10.1007/s40279-016-0606-x

M3 - Article

C2 - 27558140

VL - 47

SP - 769

EP - 780

JO - Sports Medicine

JF - Sports Medicine

SN - 0112-1642

IS - 4

ER -