Definitions matter: if maternal–fetal relationships are not attachment, what are they?

Since Cranley's conceptualization in 1981, which produced a useful measure to investigate the construct, maternal–fetal relationships have most often been referred to as maternal–fetal, antenatal or prenatal “attachment”. However, critical analysis of the literature suggests that this relationship is not an attachment relationship at all, as Bowlby and Ainsworth first defined it, but a multi-faceted construct guided instead by the caregiving system, the reciprocal partner to the attachment system, which evolved to provide care and protection.