TY - JOUR
T1 - Domestication-induced reduction in eye size revealed in multiple common garden experiments: the case of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
AU - Perry, William Bernard
AU - Kaufmann, Joshka
AU - Solberg, Monica Favnebøe
AU - Brodie, Christopher
AU - Coral Medina, Angela Maria
AU - Pillay, Kirthana
AU - Egerton, Anna
AU - Harvey, Alison
AU - Phillips, Karl P.
AU - Coughlan, Jamie
AU - Egan, Fintan
AU - Grealis, Ronan
AU - Hutton, Steve
AU - Leseur, Floriane
AU - Ryan, Sarah
AU - Poole, Russell
AU - Rogan, Ger
AU - Ryder, Elizabeth
AU - Schaal, Patrick
AU - Waters, Catherine
AU - Wynne, Robert
AU - Taylor, Martin
AU - Prodöhl, Paulo
AU - Creer, Simon
AU - Llewellyn, Martin
AU - McGinnity, Philip
AU - Carvalho, Gary
AU - Glover, Kevin Alan
N1 - Funding Information: This work was funded by the Research Council of Norway project INTERACT (grant no. 200510), and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Envision doctoral training programme. JK, PMcG, KP, JC and PP were supported by Science Foundation Ireland, the Marine Institute and the Department for the Economy, Northern Ireland, under the Investigators Programme (grant no. SFI/15/IA/3028).
PY - 2021/9
Y1 - 2021/9
N2 - Domestication leads to changes in traits that are under directional selection in breeding programmes, though unintentional changes in nonproduction traits can also arise. In offspring of escaping fish and any hybrid progeny, such unintentionally altered traits may reduce fitness in the wild. Atlantic salmon breeding programmes were established in the early 1970s, resulting in genetic changes in multiple traits. However, the impact of domestication on eye size has not been studied. We measured body size corrected eye size in 4000 salmon from six common garden experiments conducted under artificial and natural conditions, in freshwater and saltwater environments, in two countries. Within these common gardens, offspring of domesticated and wild parents were crossed to produce 11 strains, with varying genetic backgrounds (wild, domesticated, F1 hybrids, F2 hybrids and backcrosses). Size-adjusted eye size was influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Domesticated fish reared under artificial conditions had smaller adjusted eye size when compared to wild fish reared under identical conditions, in both the freshwater and marine environments, and in both Irish and Norwegian experiments. However, in parr that had been introduced into a river environment shortly after hatching and sampled at the end of their first summer, differences in adjusted eye size observed among genetic groups were of a reduced magnitude and were nonsignificant in 2-year-old sea migrating smolts sampled in the river immediately prior to sea entry. Collectively, our findings could suggest that where natural selection is present, individuals with reduced eye size are maladapted and consequently have reduced fitness, building on our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie a well-documented reduction in the fitness of the progeny of domesticated salmon, including hybrid progeny, in the wild.
AB - Domestication leads to changes in traits that are under directional selection in breeding programmes, though unintentional changes in nonproduction traits can also arise. In offspring of escaping fish and any hybrid progeny, such unintentionally altered traits may reduce fitness in the wild. Atlantic salmon breeding programmes were established in the early 1970s, resulting in genetic changes in multiple traits. However, the impact of domestication on eye size has not been studied. We measured body size corrected eye size in 4000 salmon from six common garden experiments conducted under artificial and natural conditions, in freshwater and saltwater environments, in two countries. Within these common gardens, offspring of domesticated and wild parents were crossed to produce 11 strains, with varying genetic backgrounds (wild, domesticated, F1 hybrids, F2 hybrids and backcrosses). Size-adjusted eye size was influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Domesticated fish reared under artificial conditions had smaller adjusted eye size when compared to wild fish reared under identical conditions, in both the freshwater and marine environments, and in both Irish and Norwegian experiments. However, in parr that had been introduced into a river environment shortly after hatching and sampled at the end of their first summer, differences in adjusted eye size observed among genetic groups were of a reduced magnitude and were nonsignificant in 2-year-old sea migrating smolts sampled in the river immediately prior to sea entry. Collectively, our findings could suggest that where natural selection is present, individuals with reduced eye size are maladapted and consequently have reduced fitness, building on our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie a well-documented reduction in the fitness of the progeny of domesticated salmon, including hybrid progeny, in the wild.
KW - allometry
KW - aquaculture
KW - domestication
KW - escapees
KW - introgression
KW - morphology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85115192728&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/eva.13297
DO - 10.1111/eva.13297
M3 - Article
SN - 1752-4563
VL - 14
SP - 2319
EP - 2332
JO - Evolutionary Applications
JF - Evolutionary Applications
IS - 9
ER -