Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol

R. Hossaini; M. P. Chipperfield; A. Saiz-Lopez; J. J. Harrison; R. von Glasow; R. Sommariva; E. Atlas; M. Navarro; S. A. Montzka; W. Feng; S. Dhomse; C. Harth; J. Muehle; C. Lunder; S. O'Doherty; D. Young; S. Reimann; M. K. Vollmer; P. B. Krummel; P. F. Bernath

doi:10.1002/2015GL063783

Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol

R. Hossaini, M. P. Chipperfield, A. Saiz-Lopez, J. J. Harrison, R. von Glasow, R. Sommariva, E. Atlas, M. Navarro, S. A. Montzka, W. Feng, S. Dhomse, C. Harth, J. Muehle, C. Lunder, S. O'Doherty, D. Young, S. Reimann, M. K. Vollmer, P. B. Krummel, P. F. Bernath

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Abstract

We have developed a chemical mechanism describing the tropospheric degradation of chlorine containing very short-lived substances (VSLS). The scheme was included in a global atmospheric model and used to quantify the stratospheric injection of chlorine from anthropogenic VSLS between 2005 and 2013. By constraining the model with surface measurements of chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4), trichloroethene (C2HCl3), and 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl), we infer a 2013 mml:msubsup mixing ratio of 123 parts per trillion (ppt). Stratospheric injection of source gases dominates this supply, accounting for approximate to 83% of the total. The remainder comes from VSLS-derived organic products, phosgene (COCl2, 7%) and formyl chloride (CHClO, 2%), and also hydrogen chloride (HCl, 8%). Stratospheric increased by approximate to 52% between 2005 and 2013, with a mean growth rate of 3.7pptCl/yr. This increase is due to recent and ongoing growth in anthropogenic CH(2)Cl(2)the most abundant chlorinated VSLS not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	4573-4580
Number of pages	8
Journal	Geophysical Research Letters
Volume	42
Issue number	11
Early online date	1 Jun 2015
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063783
Publication status	Published - 16 Jun 2015

Keywords

dichloromethane
VSLS
ozone
stratosphere
Montreal Protocol
phosgene
IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS
TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYER
CLIMATE MODEL
OZONE LOSS
BROMINE
TRANSPORT
HCL
BROMOCARBONS
TROPOSPHERE
CHEMISTRY

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Hossaini_et_al_2015
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Tropospheric Halogen Chemistry: Reaction Mechanisms, Processes and Global Impacts.
von Glasow, R., Sommariva, R. & Salmon, M.
Natural Environment Research Council
1/11/12 → 31/10/15
Project: Research

Cite this

Hossaini, R., Chipperfield, M. P., Saiz-Lopez, A., Harrison, J. J., von Glasow, R., Sommariva, R., Atlas, E., Navarro, M., Montzka, S. A., Feng, W., Dhomse, S., Harth, C., Muehle, J., Lunder, C., O'Doherty, S., Young, D., Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., Krummel, P. B., & Bernath, P. F. (2015). Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(11), 4573-4580. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063783

@article{425e958aba634e4895790f3ef36fe442,

title = "Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol",

abstract = "We have developed a chemical mechanism describing the tropospheric degradation of chlorine containing very short-lived substances (VSLS). The scheme was included in a global atmospheric model and used to quantify the stratospheric injection of chlorine from anthropogenic VSLS between 2005 and 2013. By constraining the model with surface measurements of chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4), trichloroethene (C2HCl3), and 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl), we infer a 2013 mml:msubsup mixing ratio of 123 parts per trillion (ppt). Stratospheric injection of source gases dominates this supply, accounting for approximate to 83% of the total. The remainder comes from VSLS-derived organic products, phosgene (COCl2, 7%) and formyl chloride (CHClO, 2%), and also hydrogen chloride (HCl, 8%). Stratospheric increased by approximate to 52% between 2005 and 2013, with a mean growth rate of 3.7pptCl/yr. This increase is due to recent and ongoing growth in anthropogenic CH(2)Cl(2)the most abundant chlorinated VSLS not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.",

keywords = "dichloromethane, VSLS, ozone, stratosphere, Montreal Protocol, phosgene, IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS, TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYER, CLIMATE MODEL, OZONE LOSS, BROMINE, TRANSPORT, HCL, BROMOCARBONS, TROPOSPHERE, CHEMISTRY",

author = "R. Hossaini and Chipperfield, {M. P.} and A. Saiz-Lopez and Harrison, {J. J.} and {von Glasow}, R. and R. Sommariva and E. Atlas and M. Navarro and Montzka, {S. A.} and W. Feng and S. Dhomse and C. Harth and J. Muehle and C. Lunder and S. O'Doherty and D. Young and S. Reimann and Vollmer, {M. K.} and Krummel, {P. B.} and Bernath, {P. F.}",

note = "{\textcopyright}2015. The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ",

year = "2015",

month = jun,

day = "16",

doi = "10.1002/2015GL063783",

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Hossaini, R, Chipperfield, MP, Saiz-Lopez, A, Harrison, JJ, von Glasow, R, Sommariva, R, Atlas, E, Navarro, M, Montzka, SA, Feng, W, Dhomse, S, Harth, C, Muehle, J, Lunder, C, O'Doherty, S, Young, D, Reimann, S, Vollmer, MK, Krummel, PB & Bernath, PF 2015, 'Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol', Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 4573-4580. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063783

TY - JOUR

T1 - Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol

AU - Hossaini, R.

AU - Chipperfield, M. P.

AU - Saiz-Lopez, A.

AU - Harrison, J. J.

AU - von Glasow, R.

AU - Sommariva, R.

AU - Atlas, E.

AU - Navarro, M.

AU - Montzka, S. A.

AU - Feng, W.

AU - Dhomse, S.

AU - Harth, C.

AU - Muehle, J.

AU - Lunder, C.

AU - O'Doherty, S.

AU - Young, D.

AU - Reimann, S.

AU - Vollmer, M. K.

AU - Krummel, P. B.

AU - Bernath, P. F.

N1 - ©2015. The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PY - 2015/6/16

Y1 - 2015/6/16

N2 - We have developed a chemical mechanism describing the tropospheric degradation of chlorine containing very short-lived substances (VSLS). The scheme was included in a global atmospheric model and used to quantify the stratospheric injection of chlorine from anthropogenic VSLS between 2005 and 2013. By constraining the model with surface measurements of chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4), trichloroethene (C2HCl3), and 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl), we infer a 2013 mml:msubsup mixing ratio of 123 parts per trillion (ppt). Stratospheric injection of source gases dominates this supply, accounting for approximate to 83% of the total. The remainder comes from VSLS-derived organic products, phosgene (COCl2, 7%) and formyl chloride (CHClO, 2%), and also hydrogen chloride (HCl, 8%). Stratospheric increased by approximate to 52% between 2005 and 2013, with a mean growth rate of 3.7pptCl/yr. This increase is due to recent and ongoing growth in anthropogenic CH(2)Cl(2)the most abundant chlorinated VSLS not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.

AB - We have developed a chemical mechanism describing the tropospheric degradation of chlorine containing very short-lived substances (VSLS). The scheme was included in a global atmospheric model and used to quantify the stratospheric injection of chlorine from anthropogenic VSLS between 2005 and 2013. By constraining the model with surface measurements of chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4), trichloroethene (C2HCl3), and 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl), we infer a 2013 mml:msubsup mixing ratio of 123 parts per trillion (ppt). Stratospheric injection of source gases dominates this supply, accounting for approximate to 83% of the total. The remainder comes from VSLS-derived organic products, phosgene (COCl2, 7%) and formyl chloride (CHClO, 2%), and also hydrogen chloride (HCl, 8%). Stratospheric increased by approximate to 52% between 2005 and 2013, with a mean growth rate of 3.7pptCl/yr. This increase is due to recent and ongoing growth in anthropogenic CH(2)Cl(2)the most abundant chlorinated VSLS not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.

KW - dichloromethane

KW - VSLS

KW - ozone

KW - stratosphere

KW - Montreal Protocol

KW - phosgene

KW - IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS

KW - TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYER

KW - CLIMATE MODEL

KW - OZONE LOSS

KW - BROMINE

KW - TRANSPORT

KW - HCL

KW - BROMOCARBONS

KW - TROPOSPHERE

KW - CHEMISTRY

U2 - 10.1002/2015GL063783

DO - 10.1002/2015GL063783

M3 - Article

VL - 42

SP - 4573

EP - 4580

JO - Geophysical Research Letters

JF - Geophysical Research Letters

SN - 0094-8276

IS - 11

ER -

Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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Projects

Tropospheric Halogen Chemistry: Reaction Mechanisms, Processes and Global Impacts.

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