Localized intracellular pH measurement using a ratiometric photoinduced electron-transfer-based nanosensor

Intracellular analysis: Changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions can lead to cellular dysfunction. Thus, quantification of the intracellular pH in localized compartments (see A and B) is important. A pH nanosensor based on photoinduced electron transfer is described that targets acidic organelles. A combination of confocal fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy is used for localized pH measurements within living cells.