Reduced bioaccumulation of PAHs by Lactuca satuva L. grown in contaminated soil amended with sewage sludge and sewage sludge derived biochar

The influence of sewage sludge (SS) and sewage sludge biochar (SSBC) upon biomass yield and the bioaccumulation of PAHs into lettuce plants grown in contaminated soil (?16PAH 20.2 ± 0.9 mg kg) is presented. All SSBC amendments (2, 5 and 10%) and the 2% SS amendment significantly (P <0.01) increased lettuce biomass. Both SS and SSBC amendments significantly reduced (P <0.01) the bioaccumulation of PAHs at all application levels; with reduction in ?16PAH concentration ranging between 41.8 and 60.3% in SS amended treatments and between 58.0 and 63.2% in SSBC amended treatments, with respect to the control. Benefits in terms of biomass production and PAHs bioaccumulation reduction were greatest where SSBC was used as a soil amendment. At high application rates (10%) SSBC reduced bioaccumulation of PAHs by between 56% and 67%, while SS reduced bioaccumulation of PAHs by less than 44%.