TY - JOUR
T1 - Transparency in decision modelling: What, why, who and how?
AU - Sampson, Christopher James
AU - Arnold, Renee
AU - Bryan, Stirling
AU - Clarke, Philip
AU - Ekins, Sean
AU - Hatswell, Anthony
AU - Hawkins, Neil
AU - Langham, Sue
AU - Marshall, Deborah
AU - Sadatsafavi, Mohsen
AU - Sullivan, Will
AU - Wilson, Edward
AU - Wrightson, Tim
PY - 2019/11
Y1 - 2019/11
N2 - Transparency in decision modelling is an evolving concept. Recently, discussion has moved from reporting standards to open source implementation of decision analytic models. However, in the debate about the supposed advantages and disadvantages of greater transparency, there is a lack of definition. The purpose of this article is not to present a case for or against transparency, but rather to provide a more nuanced understanding of what transparency means in the context of decision modelling and how it could be addressed. To this end, we review and summarise the discourse to date, drawing on our collective experience. We outline a taxonomy of the different manifestations of transparency, including reporting standards, reference models, collaboration, model registration, peer review, and open source modelling. Further, we map out the role and incentives for the various stakeholders, including industry, research organisations, publishers, and decision-makers. We outline the anticipated advantages and disadvantages of greater transparency with respect to each manifestation, as well as the perceived barriers and facilitators to greater transparency. These are considered with respect to the different stakeholders and with reference to issues including intellectual property, legality, standards, quality assurance, code integrity, health technology assessment processes, incentives, funding, software, access and deployment options, data protection, and stakeholder engagement. For each manifestation of transparency, we discuss the ‘what’, ‘why’, ‘who’, and ‘how’. Specifically, their meaning, why the community might (or might not) wish to embrace them, whose engagement as stakeholders is required, and how relevant objectives might be realised. We identify current initiatives aimed to improve transparency to exemplify efforts in current practice and for the future.
AB - Transparency in decision modelling is an evolving concept. Recently, discussion has moved from reporting standards to open source implementation of decision analytic models. However, in the debate about the supposed advantages and disadvantages of greater transparency, there is a lack of definition. The purpose of this article is not to present a case for or against transparency, but rather to provide a more nuanced understanding of what transparency means in the context of decision modelling and how it could be addressed. To this end, we review and summarise the discourse to date, drawing on our collective experience. We outline a taxonomy of the different manifestations of transparency, including reporting standards, reference models, collaboration, model registration, peer review, and open source modelling. Further, we map out the role and incentives for the various stakeholders, including industry, research organisations, publishers, and decision-makers. We outline the anticipated advantages and disadvantages of greater transparency with respect to each manifestation, as well as the perceived barriers and facilitators to greater transparency. These are considered with respect to the different stakeholders and with reference to issues including intellectual property, legality, standards, quality assurance, code integrity, health technology assessment processes, incentives, funding, software, access and deployment options, data protection, and stakeholder engagement. For each manifestation of transparency, we discuss the ‘what’, ‘why’, ‘who’, and ‘how’. Specifically, their meaning, why the community might (or might not) wish to embrace them, whose engagement as stakeholders is required, and how relevant objectives might be realised. We identify current initiatives aimed to improve transparency to exemplify efforts in current practice and for the future.
U2 - 10.1007/s40273-019-00819-z
DO - 10.1007/s40273-019-00819-z
M3 - Review article
C2 - 31240636
VL - 37
SP - 1355
EP - 1369
JO - PharmacoEconomics
JF - PharmacoEconomics
SN - 1170-7690
IS - 11
ER -