Vortex to Rotons Transition in Dipolar Bose-Einstein Condensates

Dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates (dBECs) exhibit a plethora of physics phenomena, from supersolidity to the rotonlike minimum in the elementary excitation spectrum. In this work we first demonstrate the existence of axis-symmetric solitary waves in (quasi-)two-dimensional dBECs: these localized
excitations are characterized by quantized vortex dipoles that continuously transit to vortex-free density depletions. We then show how the presence of the roton minimum fundamentally alters the fate of such solutions when approaching Landau’s critical speed: when propagating along the polarization direction where the roton minimum occurs, the solitary wave transits into roton excitations rather than into phonons as for standard contact-interaction BECs. This finding suggests that Feynman’s hypothesis, conjectured for 3D superfluid liquid helium regarding the creation of rotons as fading vortex excitations, is valid in the
context of 2D dBECs.